diff --git a/src/plugins/PFC/conversation.py b/src/plugins/PFC/conversation.py
index 756e01e55..d7ba00c8d 100644
--- a/src/plugins/PFC/conversation.py
+++ b/src/plugins/PFC/conversation.py
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class Conversation:
             self.chat_observer = ChatObserver.get_instance(self.stream_id, self.private_name)
             self.chat_observer.start()
             self.observation_info = ObservationInfo(self.private_name)
-            self.observation_info.bind_to_chat_observer(self.chat_observer, self.private_name)
+            self.observation_info.bind_to_chat_observer(self.chat_observer)
             # print(self.chat_observer.get_cached_messages(limit=)
 
             self.conversation_info = ConversationInfo()
diff --git a/src/plugins/PFC/observation_info.py b/src/plugins/PFC/observation_info.py
index 92b09cc0c..29cc870ff 100644
--- a/src/plugins/PFC/observation_info.py
+++ b/src/plugins/PFC/observation_info.py
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
-# Programmable Friendly Conversationalist
-# Prefrontal cortex
 from typing import List, Optional, Dict, Any, Set
 from maim_message import UserInfo
 import time
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from src.common.logger import get_module_logger
 from .chat_observer import ChatObserver
-from .chat_states import NotificationHandler, NotificationType
+from .chat_states import NotificationHandler, NotificationType, Notification
 from src.plugins.utils.chat_message_builder import build_readable_messages
+import traceback # 导入 traceback 用于调试
 
 logger = get_module_logger("observation_info")
 
@@ -20,183 +19,283 @@ class ObservationInfoHandler(NotificationHandler):
 
         Args:
             observation_info: 要更新的ObservationInfo实例
+            private_name: 私聊对象的名称，用于日志记录
         """
         self.observation_info = observation_info
+        # 将 private_name 存储在 handler 实例中
         self.private_name = private_name
 
-    async def handle_notification(self, notification):
+    async def handle_notification(self, notification: Notification): # 添加类型提示
         # 获取通知类型和数据
         notification_type = notification.type
         data = notification.data
 
-        if notification_type == NotificationType.NEW_MESSAGE:
-            # 处理新消息通知
-            logger.debug(f"[私聊][{self.private_name}]收到新消息通知data: {data}")
-            message_id = data.get("message_id")
-            processed_plain_text = data.get("processed_plain_text")
-            detailed_plain_text = data.get("detailed_plain_text")
-            user_info = data.get("user_info")
-            time_value = data.get("time")
+        try: # 添加错误处理块
+            if notification_type == NotificationType.NEW_MESSAGE:
+                # 处理新消息通知
+                # logger.debug(f"[私聊][{self.private_name}]收到新消息通知data: {data}") # 可以在需要时取消注释
+                message_id = data.get("message_id")
+                processed_plain_text = data.get("processed_plain_text")
+                detailed_plain_text = data.get("detailed_plain_text")
+                user_info_dict = data.get("user_info") # 先获取字典
+                time_value = data.get("time")
 
-            message = {
-                "message_id": message_id,
-                "processed_plain_text": processed_plain_text,
-                "detailed_plain_text": detailed_plain_text,
-                "user_info": user_info,
-                "time": time_value,
-            }
+                # 确保 user_info 是字典类型再创建 UserInfo 对象
+                user_info = None
+                if isinstance(user_info_dict, dict):
+                    try:
+                        user_info = UserInfo.from_dict(user_info_dict)
+                    except Exception as e:
+                        logger.error(f"[私聊][{self.private_name}]从字典创建 UserInfo 时出错: {e}, 字典内容: {user_info_dict}")
+                        # 可以选择在这里返回或记录错误，避免后续代码出错
+                        return
+                elif user_info_dict is not None:
+                    logger.warning(f"[私聊][{self.private_name}]收到的 user_info 不是预期的字典类型: {type(user_info_dict)}")
+                    # 根据需要处理非字典情况，这里暂时返回
+                    return
 
-            self.observation_info.update_from_message(message)
 
-        elif notification_type == NotificationType.COLD_CHAT:
-            # 处理冷场通知
-            is_cold = data.get("is_cold", False)
-            self.observation_info.update_cold_chat_status(is_cold, time.time())
+                message = {
+                    "message_id": message_id,
+                    "processed_plain_text": processed_plain_text,
+                    "detailed_plain_text": detailed_plain_text,
+                    "user_info": user_info_dict, # 存储原始字典或 UserInfo 对象，取决于你的 update_from_message 如何处理
+                    "time": time_value,
+                }
+                # 传递 UserInfo 对象（如果成功创建）或原始字典
+                await self.observation_info.update_from_message(message, user_info) # 修改：传递 user_info 对象
 
-        elif notification_type == NotificationType.ACTIVE_CHAT:
-            # 处理活跃通知
-            is_active = data.get("is_active", False)
-            self.observation_info.is_cold = not is_active
 
-        elif notification_type == NotificationType.BOT_SPEAKING:
-            # 处理机器人说话通知
-            self.observation_info.is_typing = False
-            self.observation_info.last_bot_speak_time = time.time()
+            elif notification_type == NotificationType.COLD_CHAT:
+                # 处理冷场通知
+                is_cold = data.get("is_cold", False)
+                await self.observation_info.update_cold_chat_status(is_cold, time.time()) # 修改：改为 await 调用
 
-        elif notification_type == NotificationType.USER_SPEAKING:
-            # 处理用户说话通知
-            self.observation_info.is_typing = False
-            self.observation_info.last_user_speak_time = time.time()
+            elif notification_type == NotificationType.ACTIVE_CHAT:
+                # 处理活跃通知 (通常由 COLD_CHAT 的反向状态处理)
+                is_active = data.get("is_active", False)
+                self.observation_info.is_cold = not is_active
 
-        elif notification_type == NotificationType.MESSAGE_DELETED:
-            # 处理消息删除通知
-            message_id = data.get("message_id")
-            self.observation_info.unprocessed_messages = [
-                msg for msg in self.observation_info.unprocessed_messages if msg.get("message_id") != message_id
-            ]
+            elif notification_type == NotificationType.BOT_SPEAKING:
+                # 处理机器人说话通知 (按需实现)
+                self.observation_info.is_typing = False
+                self.observation_info.last_bot_speak_time = time.time()
 
-        elif notification_type == NotificationType.USER_JOINED:
-            # 处理用户加入通知
-            user_id = data.get("user_id")
-            if user_id:
-                self.observation_info.active_users.add(user_id)
+            elif notification_type == NotificationType.USER_SPEAKING:
+                # 处理用户说话通知
+                self.observation_info.is_typing = False
+                self.observation_info.last_user_speak_time = time.time()
 
-        elif notification_type == NotificationType.USER_LEFT:
-            # 处理用户离开通知
-            user_id = data.get("user_id")
-            if user_id:
-                self.observation_info.active_users.discard(user_id)
+            elif notification_type == NotificationType.MESSAGE_DELETED:
+                # 处理消息删除通知
+                message_id = data.get("message_id")
+                # 从 unprocessed_messages 中移除被删除的消息
+                original_count = len(self.observation_info.unprocessed_messages)
+                self.observation_info.unprocessed_messages = [
+                    msg for msg in self.observation_info.unprocessed_messages if msg.get("message_id") != message_id
+                ]
+                if len(self.observation_info.unprocessed_messages) < original_count:
+                    logger.info(f"[私聊][{self.private_name}]移除了未处理的消息 (ID: {message_id})")
 
-        elif notification_type == NotificationType.ERROR:
-            # 处理错误通知
-            error_msg = data.get("error", "")
-            logger.error(f"[私聊][{self.private_name}]收到错误通知: {error_msg}")
+
+            elif notification_type == NotificationType.USER_JOINED:
+                # 处理用户加入通知 (如果适用私聊场景)
+                user_id = data.get("user_id")
+                if user_id:
+                    self.observation_info.active_users.add(str(user_id)) # 确保是字符串
+
+            elif notification_type == NotificationType.USER_LEFT:
+                # 处理用户离开通知 (如果适用私聊场景)
+                user_id = data.get("user_id")
+                if user_id:
+                    self.observation_info.active_users.discard(str(user_id)) # 确保是字符串
+
+            elif notification_type == NotificationType.ERROR:
+                # 处理错误通知
+                error_msg = data.get("error", "未提供错误信息")
+                logger.error(f"[私聊][{self.private_name}]收到错误通知: {error_msg}")
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error(f"[私聊][{self.private_name}]处理通知时发生错误: {e}")
+            logger.error(traceback.format_exc()) # 打印详细堆栈信息
 
 
 @dataclass
 class ObservationInfo:
     """决策信息类，用于收集和管理来自chat_observer的通知信息"""
 
+    # --- 修改：添加 private_name 字段 ---
+    private_name: str = field(init=True) # 让 dataclass 的 __init__ 接收 private_name
+
     # data_list
-    chat_history: List[str] = field(default_factory=list)
+    chat_history: List[Dict[str, Any]] = field(default_factory=list) # 修改：明确类型为 Dict
     chat_history_str: str = ""
-    unprocessed_messages: List[Dict[str, Any]] = field(default_factory=list)
+    unprocessed_messages: List[Dict[str, Any]] = field(default_factory=list) # 修改：明确类型为 Dict
     active_users: Set[str] = field(default_factory=set)
 
     # data
     last_bot_speak_time: Optional[float] = None
     last_user_speak_time: Optional[float] = None
     last_message_time: Optional[float] = None
+    # 添加 last_message_id
+    last_message_id: Optional[str] = None
     last_message_content: str = ""
     last_message_sender: Optional[str] = None
     bot_id: Optional[str] = None
     chat_history_count: int = 0
     new_messages_count: int = 0
-    cold_chat_duration: float = 0.0
+    cold_chat_start_time: Optional[float] = None # 用于计算冷场持续时间
+    cold_chat_duration: float = 0.0 # 缓存计算结果
 
     # state
-    is_typing: bool = False
-    has_unread_messages: bool = False
+    is_typing: bool = False # 可能表示对方正在输入
+    # has_unread_messages: bool = False # 这个状态可以通过 new_messages_count > 0 判断
     is_cold_chat: bool = False
-    changed: bool = False
+    changed: bool = False # 用于标记状态是否有变化，以便外部模块决定是否重新规划
 
-    # #spec
+    # #spec (暂时注释掉，如果不需要)
     # meta_plan_trigger: bool = False
 
-    def __post_init__(self, private_name: str = None):
-        """初始化后创建handler"""
-        self.chat_observer = None
-        self.handler = ObservationInfoHandler(self, private_name)
-        self.private_name = private_name
+    # --- 修改：移除 __post_init__ 的参数 ---
+    def __post_init__(self):
+        """初始化后创建handler并进行必要的设置"""
+        self.chat_observer: Optional[ChatObserver] = None # 添加类型提示
+        self.handler = ObservationInfoHandler(self, self.private_name)
 
-    def bind_to_chat_observer(self, chat_observer: ChatObserver, private_name: str):
+    def bind_to_chat_observer(self, chat_observer: ChatObserver):
         """绑定到指定的chat_observer
 
         Args:
-            stream_id: 聊天流ID
+            chat_observer: 要绑定的 ChatObserver 实例
         """
+        if self.chat_observer:
+            logger.warning(f"[私聊][{self.private_name}]尝试重复绑定 ChatObserver")
+            return
+
         self.chat_observer = chat_observer
-        self.chat_observer.notification_manager.register_handler(
-            target="observation_info", notification_type=NotificationType.NEW_MESSAGE, handler=self.handler
-        )
-        self.chat_observer.notification_manager.register_handler(
-            target="observation_info", notification_type=NotificationType.COLD_CHAT, handler=self.handler
-        )
+        try:
+            # 注册关心的通知类型
+            self.chat_observer.notification_manager.register_handler(
+                target="observation_info", notification_type=NotificationType.NEW_MESSAGE, handler=self.handler
+            )
+            self.chat_observer.notification_manager.register_handler(
+                target="observation_info", notification_type=NotificationType.COLD_CHAT, handler=self.handler
+            )
+            # 可以根据需要注册更多通知类型
+            # self.chat_observer.notification_manager.register_handler(
+            #     target="observation_info", notification_type=NotificationType.MESSAGE_DELETED, handler=self.handler
+            # )
+            logger.info(f"[私聊][{self.private_name}]成功绑定到 ChatObserver")
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error(f"[私聊][{self.private_name}]绑定到 ChatObserver 时出错: {e}")
+            self.chat_observer = None # 绑定失败，重置
 
     def unbind_from_chat_observer(self):
         """解除与chat_observer的绑定"""
-        if self.chat_observer:
-            self.chat_observer.notification_manager.unregister_handler(
-                target="observation_info", notification_type=NotificationType.NEW_MESSAGE, handler=self.handler
-            )
-            self.chat_observer.notification_manager.unregister_handler(
-                target="observation_info", notification_type=NotificationType.COLD_CHAT, handler=self.handler
-            )
-            self.chat_observer = None
+        if self.chat_observer and hasattr(self.chat_observer, 'notification_manager'): # 增加检查
+            try:
+                self.chat_observer.notification_manager.unregister_handler(
+                    target="observation_info", notification_type=NotificationType.NEW_MESSAGE, handler=self.handler
+                )
+                self.chat_observer.notification_manager.unregister_handler(
+                    target="observation_info", notification_type=NotificationType.COLD_CHAT, handler=self.handler
+                )
+                # 如果注册了其他类型，也要在这里注销
+                # self.chat_observer.notification_manager.unregister_handler(
+                #     target="observation_info", notification_type=NotificationType.MESSAGE_DELETED, handler=self.handler
+                # )
+                logger.info(f"[私聊][{self.private_name}]成功从 ChatObserver 解绑")
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.error(f"[私聊][{self.private_name}]从 ChatObserver 解绑时出错: {e}")
+            finally: # 确保 chat_observer 被重置
+                self.chat_observer = None
+        else:
+            logger.warning(f"[私聊][{self.private_name}]尝试解绑时 ChatObserver 不存在或无效")
 
-    def update_from_message(self, message: Dict[str, Any]):
+
+    # 修改：update_from_message 接收 UserInfo 对象
+    async def update_from_message(self, message: Dict[str, Any], user_info: Optional[UserInfo]):
         """从消息更新信息
 
         Args:
-            message: 消息数据
+            message: 消息数据字典
+            user_info: 解析后的 UserInfo 对象 (可能为 None)
         """
-        # logger.debug(f"[私聊][{self.private_name}]更新信息from_message: {message}")
-        self.last_message_time = message["time"]
-        self.last_message_id = message["message_id"]
+        message_time = message.get("time")
+        message_id = message.get("message_id")
+        processed_text = message.get("processed_plain_text", "")
 
-        self.last_message_content = message.get("processed_plain_text", "")
+        # 只有在新消息到达时才更新 last_message 相关信息
+        if message_time and message_time > (self.last_message_time or 0):
+            self.last_message_time = message_time
+            self.last_message_id = message_id
+            self.last_message_content = processed_text
+            # 重置冷场计时器
+            self.is_cold_chat = False
+            self.cold_chat_start_time = None
+            self.cold_chat_duration = 0.0
 
-        user_info = UserInfo.from_dict(message.get("user_info", {}))
-        self.last_message_sender = user_info.user_id
 
-        if user_info.user_id == self.bot_id:
-            self.last_bot_speak_time = message["time"]
+            if user_info:
+                sender_id = str(user_info.user_id) # 确保是字符串
+                self.last_message_sender = sender_id
+                # 更新发言时间
+                if sender_id == self.bot_id:
+                    self.last_bot_speak_time = message_time
+                else:
+                    self.last_user_speak_time = message_time
+                    self.active_users.add(sender_id) # 用户发言则认为其活跃
+            else:
+                logger.warning(f"[私聊][{self.private_name}]处理消息更新时缺少有效的 UserInfo 对象, message_id: {message_id}")
+                self.last_message_sender = None # 发送者未知
+
+
+            # 将原始消息字典添加到未处理列表
+            self.unprocessed_messages.append(message)
+            self.new_messages_count = len(self.unprocessed_messages) # 直接用列表长度
+
+            # logger.debug(f"[私聊][{self.private_name}]消息更新: last_time={self.last_message_time}, new_count={self.new_messages_count}")
+            self.update_changed() # 标记状态已改变
         else:
-            self.last_user_speak_time = message["time"]
-            self.active_users.add(user_info.user_id)
+            # 如果消息时间戳不是最新的，可能不需要处理，或者记录一个警告
+            pass
+            # logger.warning(f"[私聊][{self.private_name}]收到过时或无效时间戳的消息: ID={message_id}, time={message_time}")
 
-        self.new_messages_count += 1
-        self.unprocessed_messages.append(message)
-
-        self.update_changed()
 
     def update_changed(self):
-        """更新changed状态"""
+        """标记状态已改变，并重置标记"""
+        # logger.debug(f"[私聊][{self.private_name}]状态标记为已改变 (changed=True)")
         self.changed = True
 
-    def update_cold_chat_status(self, is_cold: bool, current_time: float):
+
+    async def update_cold_chat_status(self, is_cold: bool, current_time: float):
         """更新冷场状态
 
         Args:
-            is_cold: 是否冷场
-            current_time: 当前时间
+            is_cold: 是否处于冷场状态
+            current_time: 当前时间戳
         """
-        self.is_cold_chat = is_cold
-        if is_cold and self.last_message_time:
-            self.cold_chat_duration = current_time - self.last_message_time
+        if is_cold != self.is_cold_chat: # 仅在状态变化时更新
+            self.is_cold_chat = is_cold
+            if is_cold:
+                # 进入冷场状态
+                self.cold_chat_start_time = self.last_message_time or current_time # 从最后消息时间开始算，或从当前时间开始
+                logger.info(f"[私聊][{self.private_name}]进入冷场状态，开始时间: {self.cold_chat_start_time}")
+            else:
+                # 结束冷场状态
+                if self.cold_chat_start_time:
+                    self.cold_chat_duration = current_time - self.cold_chat_start_time
+                    logger.info(f"[私聊][{self.private_name}]结束冷场状态，持续时间: {self.cold_chat_duration:.2f} 秒")
+                self.cold_chat_start_time = None # 重置开始时间
+            self.update_changed() # 状态变化，标记改变
+
+        # 即使状态没变，如果是冷场状态，也更新持续时间
+        if self.is_cold_chat and self.cold_chat_start_time:
+            self.cold_chat_duration = current_time - self.cold_chat_start_time
+
 
     def get_active_duration(self) -> float:
-        """获取当前活跃时长
+        """获取当前活跃时长 (距离最后一条消息的时间)
 
         Returns:
             float: 最后一条消息到现在的时长（秒）
@@ -206,7 +305,7 @@ class ObservationInfo:
         return time.time() - self.last_message_time
 
     def get_user_response_time(self) -> Optional[float]:
-        """获取用户响应时间
+        """获取用户最后响应时间 (距离用户最后发言的时间)
 
         Returns:
             Optional[float]: 用户最后发言到现在的时长（秒），如果没有用户发言则返回None
@@ -216,7 +315,7 @@ class ObservationInfo:
         return time.time() - self.last_user_speak_time
 
     def get_bot_response_time(self) -> Optional[float]:
-        """获取机器人响应时间
+        """获取机器人最后响应时间 (距离机器人最后发言的时间)
 
         Returns:
             Optional[float]: 机器人最后发言到现在的时长（秒），如果没有机器人发言则返回None
@@ -226,19 +325,39 @@ class ObservationInfo:
         return time.time() - self.last_bot_speak_time
 
     async def clear_unprocessed_messages(self):
-        """清空未处理消息列表"""
-        # 将未处理消息添加到历史记录中
-        for message in self.unprocessed_messages:
-            self.chat_history.append(message)
-        self.chat_history_str = await build_readable_messages(
-            self.chat_history[-20:] if len(self.chat_history) > 20 else self.chat_history,
-            replace_bot_name=True,
-            merge_messages=False,
-            timestamp_mode="relative",
-            read_mark=0.0,
-        )
-        # 清空未处理消息列表
-        self.has_unread_messages = False
+        """将未处理消息移入历史记录，并更新相关状态"""
+        if not self.unprocessed_messages:
+            return # 没有未处理消息，直接返回
+
+        # logger.debug(f"[私聊][{self.private_name}]处理 {len(self.unprocessed_messages)} 条未处理消息...")
+        # 将未处理消息添加到历史记录中 (确保历史记录有长度限制，避免无限增长)
+        max_history_len = 100 # 示例：最多保留100条历史记录
+        self.chat_history.extend(self.unprocessed_messages)
+        if len(self.chat_history) > max_history_len:
+            self.chat_history = self.chat_history[-max_history_len:]
+
+        # 更新历史记录字符串 (只使用最近一部分生成，例如20条)
+        history_slice_for_str = self.chat_history[-20:]
+        try:
+            self.chat_history_str = await build_readable_messages(
+                history_slice_for_str,
+                replace_bot_name=True,
+                merge_messages=False,
+                timestamp_mode="relative",
+                read_mark=0.0, # read_mark 可能需要根据逻辑调整
+            )
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error(f"[私聊][{self.private_name}]构建聊天记录字符串时出错: {e}")
+            self.chat_history_str = "[构建聊天记录出错]" # 提供错误提示
+
+
+        # 清空未处理消息列表和计数
+        cleared_count = len(self.unprocessed_messages)
         self.unprocessed_messages.clear()
-        self.chat_history_count = len(self.chat_history)
         self.new_messages_count = 0
+        # self.has_unread_messages = False # 这个状态可以通过 new_messages_count 判断
+
+        self.chat_history_count = len(self.chat_history) # 更新历史记录总数
+        # logger.debug(f"[私聊][{self.private_name}]已处理 {cleared_count} 条消息，当前历史记录 {self.chat_history_count} 条。")
+
+        self.update_changed() # 状态改变
\ No newline at end of file